First Aid Level 1 Course

The class notes for course CCFA3071 "First Aid Skills Level 1".
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(7/8/06)I have some complaints about the download section. I will look at this matter, please be patient. I'll try to rectify this problem. Thank you. ~admin
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(28/8/06) Please be noted that the CCFA 3071 (lev 1) section 3 class will be held on Wednesday 30/8/2006. Please bring along a piece of tudung to the class.
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  • Course Outline
  • Introduction to first aid
  • DR ABC
  • Human Anatomy
  • Circulatory System
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  • Muscular System
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    Thursday, August 10, 2006
    THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
    5. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

    5.1 Overview

    The muscular system is the biological system of humans that allows them to move. It is the body's network of tissues that controls movement both of the body and within it. Walking, running, jumping is possible only because of the contraction (shortening) and relaxation of muscles. These major movements, however, are not the only ones directed by muscular activity. Muscles make it possible to stand, sit, speak, and blink. Beside that it allows blood rush through blood vessels, air fill the lungs, and food move through the digestive system. In short, muscles are the machines of the body, allowing it to work.

    Muscle tissue is composed of a series of fibers, similar to neurons in shape, that operate in a coordinated manner under the supervision of the nervous system to:

    i) support movement in the body, and
    ii) assist in maintaining body temperature through shivering to create heat.

    There is three forms of muscles in the human body:

    -Smooth muscle, involuntary, uninucleated, non-striated found on the walls of internal organs
    -Cardiac muscle, involuntary, uninucleated, striated (*with intercalated disc) found only in the heart
    -Skeletal muscle, voluntary, multinucleated, striated which help strengthen the body and connect to bones.

    Muscles are labeled as either voluntary or involuntary.

    -Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can move whenever you want to.
    -Involuntary muscles contract and relax automatically inside your body. We can not control our involuntary muscles.
    -Muscles can only pull. They never push.


    5.2 The muscular muscle cell

    -Each muscle is made of hundreds to thousands of individual muscle cells, unusually shaped i.e elongated like a cylinder or a long rod.
    -Because of their shape, muscle cells are normally referred to as muscle fibers.
    -Whereas most cells have a single nucleus (the part of the cell that controls its activities), muscle fibers have as many as 100 or more nuclei. The nuclei are located on the surface of the fiber, just under its thin membrane.
    -Another difference between muscle fibers and other body cells is their size. They can extend the entire length of a muscle. For example, a muscle fiber in a thigh muscle could measure 0.0004 inch (0.001 centimeter) in diameter and 12 to 16 inches (30 to 40 centimeters) in length.

    5.3 Tendons

    -Tendons attach muscles to bone
    -It is layers of connective tissue that bundle the various parts of a muscle usually converge or come together at the end of the muscle to form a tough, white, cord-like tissue.
    -Tendons are much stronger than muscle tissue because it contains fibers of the tough protein collagen.
    -The collagen fibers are arranged in a tendon in a wavy way so that it can stretch and provide additional length at the muscle-bone junction. As muscles are used, the tendons are able to withstand the constant pulling and tugging.
    -Muscles are always attached at both of their ends. The end that is attached to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts is called the insertion. The other end, attached to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts, is called the origin.
    -It is important to note that not all muscles are attached to bones at both ends. The ends of some muscles are attached to other muscles; some are attached to the skin.

    5.4 The muscular major muscle


    -Skeletal muscles support the skull, backbone, and rib cage are called axial skeletal muscles that include the muscles of the head and neck and those of the trunk.
    -Roughly 60 percent of all skeletal muscles in the body are axial muscles.
    -The skeletal muscles of the limbs (arms and legs) are called distal or appendicular skeletal muscles. These include the muscles of the shoulders and arms and those of the hip and legs.
    -Muscle names are descriptive according to their;


    *Location in the body like the frontalis muscle overlies the frontal bone of the skull.

    *Relative size like maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), and longus (long).

    *Shape like the deltoid muscle has the shape of the Greek letter delta, which is triangular-shaped.

    *Actions like flexor (to flex or bend in), extensor (to extend or straighten out), adductor (to draw toward a line that runs down the middle of the body), and abductor (to draw away from a line that runs down the middle of the body)

    5.6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS


    -Muscles have three important functions: to produce movement, maintain posture, and generate heat.
    -Almost all movements by the human body result from muscle contraction.
    -Muscles lend support to the body and help it maintain posture against the force of gravity. Even when the body is at rest (or asleep), muscle fibers are contracting to maintain muscle tone.
    -Any activity by muscles generates heat as a byproduct, which is vital in maintaining normal body temperature.


    The link between nerve cells and muscle fibers



    Muscle fibers must be stimulated by nerve impulses sent through motor neurons or nerves.These impulses originate in the brain, then run down the spine to contract or shorten muscle.From there, they branch out to all parts of the body.

    A single motor neuron may stimulate a few muscle fibers or hundreds of them. A motor neuron along with all the fibers it stimulates is called a motor unit. When a motor neuron reaches a muscle fiber, it does not touch the fiber, but fits into a hollow on the surface of the muscle fiber. This region where the end of the motor neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber come close together is called the neuromuscular junction.

    When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter chemical) is released. Acetylcholine then travels across the small gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber and attaches to receptors on the membrane of the muscle fiber. This triggers an electrical charge that quickly travels from one end of the muscle fiber to the other, causing it to contract.

    Muscle fiber energy


    In order to contract, muscles need energy. That energy comes from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a high-energy molecule found in every cell in the body. ATP is the only energy source that muscles can use to power their activity.


    In the human body, the liver stores glucose by converting it to glycogen. When the body needs energy, the liver is stimulated to change glycogen back into glucose and secrete it into the bloodstream for use by the cells.


    In the cells, glucose combines with oxygen to yield or produce carbon dioxide, water, heat, and ATP. This process of energy production that uses oxygen in the reaction is called aerobic ("with air") metabolism.


    -Carbon dioxide, water, and heat are all waste products of this chemical reaction.
    -Carbon dioxide moves from the cells into the blood to be carried to the lungs, where it is exhaled.
    -The water becomes a necessary part of a cell's internal fluid.
    -The heat contributes to normal body temperature. If too much heat is generated, such as during vigorous physical activities, the excess heat is carried away and removed from the body through the process of sweating.

    WHY DOES THAT HAPPEN?
    Q: Why do I shiver when I become cold?
    A: When the
    temperature of the body drops below normal, the brain signals the muscles to
    contract rapidly—what we perceive as shivering. The heat generated by these
    rapid muscle contractions helps to raise or at least stabilize body temperature.
    When lactic acid builds up in muscle fibers, it increases the acidity in the
    fibers. Key enzymes in the fibers are then deactivated, and the fibers can no
    longer function properly. As a result, muscles are not as effective, contracting
    less and less. This condition is known as muscle fatigue.
    In a state of
    fatigue, muscle contractions may be painful. Finally, muscles may simply stop
    working.


    Movement and muscle arrangement


    -Muscles cannot push; they can only pull. In order to create movement, muscles must act in pairs.
    -Muscles are arranged on the skeleton in such a way that the flexing or contracting of one muscle or group of muscles is usually balanced by the lengthening or relaxation of another muscle or group of muscles. Thus, when a muscle performs an action, another can undo or reverse that action.

    -For example, when the biceps (muscle on the front of the upper arm) contracts, the forearm moves in at the elbow toward the biceps; at the same time, the triceps (muscle on the rear of the upper arms) lengthens. When the forearm is moved out in a straight-arm position, the opposite occurs: the triceps contracts and the biceps lengthens.
    -A muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular movement is called a prime mover (or an agonist).
    -A muscle that opposes or reverses the movement of a prime mover is called an antagonist. Generally, antagonistic muscles are located on the opposite side of a limb or portion of the body from prime mover or agonist muscles.
    -Most muscles do not act by themselves to produce a particular movement. Muscles that help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movement are called synergists. When the biceps flexes the elbow, smaller muscles in the upper arm also come into play. If the elbow is flexed with the palm of the hand up, the biceps is the prime mover. However, if the elbow is flexed with the palm down or the thumb up (palm in), the other muscles become the prime movers. These particular synergistic muscles allow for greater mobility or movement of the hand when the elbow is flexed.
    -Although prime movers are mainly responsible for producing certain body movements, the actions of antagonists and synergists are equally important. Without the combined efforts of all three types of muscles, body movements would not be smooth, coordinated, and precise.

    Muscle tone


    -Even when the body is at rest, certain muscle fibers in all muscles are contracting. This activity is directed by the brain and cannot be controlled consciously.
    -This state of continuous partial muscle contractions is known as muscle tone are not strong enough to produce movement, but do tense and firm the muscles. In doing so, they keep the muscles firm, healthy, and ready for action.
    -Muscles with moderate muscle tone are firm and solid, whereas ones with little muscle tone are limp and soft.
    -Muscle tone is the result of different motor units throughout a muscle being stimulated by the nervous system in an orderly way. First one group of motor units is stimulated, then another. Alternate fibers contract so the muscle as a whole does not become fatigued.
    -Muscle tone is important because it helps human beings maintain an upright posture. Without muscle tone, an individual would not be able to sit up straight in a chair or hold his or her head up. Muscle tone is also important because it generates heat to help maintain body temperature. Normal muscle tone accounts for about 25 percent of the heat in a body at rest.

    5.7 Muscle Disorder

    -Spasm: Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
    -Strain: Slight tear in a muscle; also called a pulled muscle.
    -Botulism (BOCH-a-liz-em): Form of food poisoning in which a bacterial toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in paralysis.
    -Muscular dystrophy (MUS-kyu-lar DIS-tro-fee): One of several inherited muscular diseases in which a person's muscles gradually and irreversibly deteriorate, causing weakness and eventually complete disability.
    -Myasthenia gravis (my-ass-THEH-nee-ah GRA-vis): Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack acetylcholine, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers.
    -Tetanus (TET-n-es): Bacterial disease in which a bacterial toxin causes the repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers, resulting in convulsive muscle spasms and rigidity.
    posted at 11:28 AM  
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