First Aid Level 1 Course

The class notes for course CCFA3071 "First Aid Skills Level 1".
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(28/8/06) Please be noted that the CCFA 3071 (lev 1) section 3 class will be held on Wednesday 30/8/2006. Please bring along a piece of tudung to the class.
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  • Course Outline (Microsoft Word)
  • Intro to First Aid Notes(Microsoft Word)
  • Human Anatomy I Notes(Microsoft Word)
  • Human Anatomy II Notes(Microsoft Word)
  • Wound, Bleeding and Shock Notes(Microsoft Word)
    • Class Notes
    Please be noted that the notes provided may not be sufficient enough. Please consult your trainers for any confusion regarding the notes.
  • Course Outline
  • Introduction to first aid
  • DR ABC
  • Human Anatomy
  • Circulatory System
  • Nervous System
  • Respiratory System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Wound, Bleeding and Shock
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    Friday, August 04, 2006
    DR ABC
    FIRST AID TREATMENT PROCEDURE

    First aider is responsible to give an early treatment in any emergency cases occurred. It is advisable to use the Chain of Survival to illustrate the important of Golden Hours for victims especially cardiopulmonary and respiratory disease.

    Chain of Survival
    1. Early recognition of emergency and activation of the emergency medical services (EMS) or local emergency system.
    2. Early bystander CPR: immediate CPR can double or triple the victim’s chance to survive.
    3. Early delivery of a shock with a defibrillator: CPR plus defibrillation within 3-5 minutes of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 49% - 75%.
    4. Early advanced life support followed by post resuscitation care delivered by healthcare providers.

    1. DRABC Principles

    The clear rules set out that must be follow by First Aider to ensure that the correct procedures were use in emergence treatment is by using DRABC formula:

    D = Danger
    - Ensure the safety of all those at the scene i.e. yourself, bystanders, and casualties.
    - Take the time to conduct a primary survey of the scene to look for anything that may threaten the safety of those on or around the scene. Hazards may include bio-hazards, flammable materials, electricity, unstable structures, slippery surfaces, sharp metal edges, oncoming traffic, and risk of explosion, fallen power lines and fast flowing water.
    - Don’t risking your own safety in a dangerous situation as it may increase the number of casualties, so waiting for the emergency services to arrive is the only option.
    - Try to asses the injury mechanism and possible cause of injury from the area primary survey.
    - Ask help from bystander to get call the authority before giving any treatment to the victim.

    First Aider must introduce himself and ask permission from victim/s before giving any aid or treatment.

    As a general rule, avoid moving casualties unless there is hazards that cannot be remove, such as fire or poisonous fumes. If it is essential to move a casualty before an ambulance arrives extreme care should be taken and good manual handling practice must be used.

    R = Response
    By checking the victim/s awareness level using the AVPU procedure:

    - Aware : Fully conscious
    - Voice : Respond to voice or command. (Drowsy or confused)
    Check the casualty for a response by asking loudly ‘are you all
    right?’
    - Pain : Respond to pain. (Drowsy or confused)
    By slightly rubbing your knuckle between victim collar bones.
    - Unconscious : No respond ( fully unconscious)

    If the casualty responds
    - If the casualty responds by answering and appears conscious, leave them in the position in which you find them (provided they are not in further danger).
    - Check the casualty’s condition and get send someone for help.
    if you are on your own, leave the casualty and go for help
    - Observe and reassess the casualty’s vital signs regularly

    If the casualty does not respond
    - Shout/call for help
    - Check the airway

    - One rescuer:
    - Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
     - Get automated external defibrillator (AED) if available
    - Return to the victim to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)
    - Two rescuers or more
    - One rescuer should begin the steps of CPR
    -Second rescuer activates the EMS system and gets AED if available
    - When phoning for help, the rescuer should be prepared to answer questions about:
    - Location
    - What happened
    - Number and condition of victims
    - Type of aid provided
    - The caller should hang up only when instructed to do so by the dispatcher
    - Then return to the victim to provide CPR

    A = Airway
    Check whether the airway is ‘open & clear’. Use the ‘Head Tilt Chin Lift” maneuver for both injured and noninjured victims to keep the airway open to allow the victim to breathe.
    The jaw thrust is no longer recommended for lay rescuers because it is difficult for lay rescuers to learn and perform, is often not an effective way to open the airway, and may cause spinal movement.

    Head Tilt Chin Lift
    - place palm of hand on the forehead and gently tilt
    the head back
    - support and lift the chin to open the airway
    - lift the jaw forward to open the mouth


    Avoid excessive head tilt if injury to the neck is suspected. If head tilt is necessary, tilt the head just enough to open the airway or apply the “Jaw thrust” method.

    Airway Clear = check breathing

    B = Breathing
    While maintaining an open away, check the victim breathing using the Look, Listen and feel method simultaneously:
    - Look : listen and feel for breathing for 10 seconds and to see if the chest
    rises
    - Listen : for the sound of breathing from the casualty’s mouth or nose
    - Feel : for the rise of the chest or for air against your cheek

    If Breathing Present
    - roll into recovery position
    - check the casualty’s condition and get help if needed
    - observe and reassess the casualty’s vital signs regularly

    If Breathing Absent
    - send someone for help if you have not already done so (*)
    - if you are on your own, you may need to leave the casualty and go for
    help (*)
    - turn the casualty onto their back if not already in this position (*)
    - give 5 initial breaths
    - ensure 2 effective breaths
    - ensure the chest rises with each breath
    - take no more than 10 seconds to complete the breaths
    - check for signs of circulation

    - Give two rescue breaths, each over one
    second
    - With enough
    volume to produce visible chest
    rise
    - The most common
    cause of invisible chest rise is an improperly open
    away
    - So, perfume
    head tilt chin lift and give second rescue breath


    C = Circulation
    Check and assess the victim pulse for circulation. (*)

    Main pulse point for adult (*) Main Pulse point for infant (below 1 year)(*)
    - Radial/ulna - Brachial
    - Carotid - Axillaries


    - Most rescuer fail to recognize the absence of a pulse.
    - Checking for sign
    of life (breathing, coughing or movement) is superior for detection of
    circulation.


    If Circulation Present but no breathing
    - continue Emergency Airway Resuscitation (EAR)( if you’re trained in EAR) until the casualty starts breathing on their own
    - if the casualty starts to breathe normally on their own but remains
    unconscious, turn them into the recovery position.
    - observe and reassess the casualty’s vital signs regularly

    If Circulation Absent
    - start chest compressions (Caution : only for First Aider well trained in CPR)
    - Adult and older children = 30 compressions: 2 breaths - Younger children and infant = 30 compressions: 2 breaths - Return your hands quickly to the correct position on the chest and then - give the next compressions and breaths 5 cycles within 2 minutes - Continue compressions: breathes cycles (*)
    Compression depth 11/2 – 2 inch
    - Stop to re-check for signs of a circulation after 1 minute, and then every 2 minutes. Also stop to check if the casualty makes a movement or takes a spontaneous breath



    2. PROCEED WITH MUSCULARSKELETAL ASSESSMENT:

    Do a whole body assessment to ensure whether there any injury and type.
    Give treatment in accordance with type of injury such as apply bandage and dressing for bleeding and wound.

    3. GIVE THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT/ASSISTANT until the authority or medical help arrive.
    posted at 10:21 AM  
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